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Unanswered questions

Questions with no answer at all. Not questions with no accepted answer — those are elsewhere.

739 questions · page 24 of 31

32 votes0 answers26k views
What does SURMOUNT-2 tell me about nausea at the 10 mg dose?

Numbers first: SURMOUNT-2 · nausea · 10 mg. I can parse the result. I am less sure what it licenses me to conclude. I have deliberately not looked at anyone else’s…

clinical-trials
clinical-trials

Reading the primary literature properly: estimands, intention-to-treat versus per-protocol, confidence intervals, absolute versus relative…

745 questions
nausea
nausea

The dominant tolerability signal in every trial of the class: incidence, timing relative to a dose step, duration, and the distinction between…

55 questions
titration
titration

Stepwise dose increases over weeks, why the label schedules exist at all, and what tolerability-driven deviation from a schedule looks like in…

456 questions
asked by j_wierzbicki 69k · 22 months ago
20 votes0 answers20k views
Does aspartimide formation dominate for tirzepatide held at 4 °C?

Concretely: aspartimide formation · tirzepatide · 4 °C. I want to know whether this is a real physical effect or an artefact of how it is measured. What prompted the…

peptide-stability
peptide-stability

The chemistry of peptide degradation: deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis, aggregation and fibrillation, and how temperature, pH, ionic strength,…

908 questions
storage
storage

Storage conditions and their evidence base: minus twenty degrees for powder, refrigerated for solution, protection from light, and what the…

701 questions
hplc
hplc

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the workhorse purity method. Column chemistry, mobile-phase choice, gradient slope,…

503 questions
tirzepatide
tirzepatide

A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. Questions here cover the SURPASS and SURMOUNT programmes, the practical differences from a pure GLP-1…

370 questions
asked by samir_bennani 15k · 22 months ago
34 votes0 answers43k views
Is a Karl Fischer water content test on one vial from a two-person split enough for the whole split?

Setup, so nobody has to ask: a Karl Fischer water content test · a two-person split. The failure mode I am trying to avoid is making this decision emotionally. I have…

group-buy
group-buy

Pooled purchasing: how the economics work, what trust structure a pool needs, splitting a single tested lot, and the failure modes when the…

41 questions
batch-testing
batch-testing

Testing at the batch or lot level: sampling plans, how many vials from a lot need testing to say anything about the lot, and the difference…

910 questions
coa
coa

Certificates of analysis: what fields a useful one carries, how to tell a real analytical report from a marketing document, batch and lot…

771 questions
water-content
water-content

Residual moisture in a lyophilised solid, measured by Karl Fischer titration or loss on drying. It drives both the mass balance on a content assay…

51 questions
asked by dana_wexler 11k · 22 months ago
34 votes0 answers13k views
Is a 25G drawing needle the right choice for drawing a GLP-1 receptor agonist at 10 mg/mL?

What I am working with: a 25G drawing needle · a GLP-1 receptor agonist · 10 mg/mL. Both of these get recommended confidently by different people, which suggests…

needle-gauge
needle-gauge

Gauge and length selection, the trade-off between draw time and tissue trauma, coring risk with larger-bore needles, and why a fixed-needle…

91 questions
injection-technique
injection-technique

Technique questions: angle, pinch versus flat, aspiration, injection speed, air bubbles, and the handling steps that determine whether you deliver…

96 questions
dead-space
dead-space

The volume trapped in the syringe hub and needle after the plunger bottoms out. It is small in absolute terms and large as a fraction of a small…

117 questions
asked by birk_nordahl 16k · 22 months ago
11 votes0 answers4.2k views
Would you re-test semaglutide after twelve weeks at 4 °C, or accept the original certificate?

The case in front of me: semaglutide · twelve weeks · 4 °C. I want to decide this in advance so that I am not deciding it under pressure later. Assume I will follow…

batch-testing
batch-testing

Testing at the batch or lot level: sampling plans, how many vials from a lot need testing to say anything about the lot, and the difference…

910 questions
peptide-stability
peptide-stability

The chemistry of peptide degradation: deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis, aggregation and fibrillation, and how temperature, pH, ionic strength,…

908 questions
coa
coa

Certificates of analysis: what fields a useful one carries, how to tell a real analytical report from a marketing document, batch and lot…

771 questions
semaglutide
semaglutide

A GLP-1 receptor agonist with a fatty-acid-acylated backbone and a roughly one-week half-life, marketed for type 2 diabetes and for weight…

470 questions
asked by zeynep_arslan 16k · 22 months ago
28 votes0 answers28k views
Is there any published stability data for liraglutide at 40 °C?

The specifics, since they change the answer: liraglutide · 40 °C. I would like to know whether this claim survives contact with evidence. If the answer is "nobody has…

peptide-stability
peptide-stability

The chemistry of peptide degradation: deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis, aggregation and fibrillation, and how temperature, pH, ionic strength,…

908 questions
storage
storage

Storage conditions and their evidence base: minus twenty degrees for powder, refrigerated for solution, protection from light, and what the…

701 questions
clinical-trials
clinical-trials

Reading the primary literature properly: estimands, intention-to-treat versus per-protocol, confidence intervals, absolute versus relative…

745 questions
liraglutide
liraglutide

A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist and the compound that established the class. Still relevant for its shorter half-life, its paediatric and…

235 questions
asked by j_wierzbicki 69k · 22 months ago
25 votes0 answers18k views
How is a beyond-use date set for compounded orforglipron in phosphate-buffered diluent?

Stated plainly: orforglipron · phosphate-buffered diluent. Everything I have found on this is either a forum aside or a product page, neither of which I trust. I am…

compounding
compounding

Compounded preparations: what a 503A and a 503B facility may legally prepare and when, base versus salt forms, beyond-use dating under USP…

61 questions
shelf-life
shelf-life

How long a preparation remains within specification: labelled expiry for a sealed lyophilised vial, beyond-use dating after reconstitution, and…

327 questions
bacteriostatic-water
bacteriostatic-water

Water for injection containing roughly 0.9 per cent benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic agent. It suppresses growth in a multiple-withdrawal vial;…

149 questions
orforglipron
orforglipron

A non-peptide, orally bioavailable small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in the ATTAIN programme. It is not a peptide, which changes…

219 questions
reconstitution
reconstitution

Taking a lyophilised vial to a solution of known concentration: choice of diluent, volume selection, how to add liquid without shearing the cake,…

313 questions
asked by thermal_mass 13k · 22 months ago
5 votes0 answers3.2k views
What is a sensible monitoring routine for retatrutide over two weeks?

Details up front: retatrutide · two weeks. I am trying to build something sustainable rather than something thorough that I will abandon. I have already decided the…

bloodwork
bloodwork

Laboratory monitoring: which panels are worth ordering, sensible intervals, reference-range versus optimal-range arguments, and how to read a…

296 questions
harm-reduction
harm-reduction

Reducing avoidable risk where a decision has already been made: independent verification before use, sterility practice, dose arithmetic checked…

472 questions
plateau
plateau

A stall in progress: distinguishing adaptive thermogenesis from measurement error from adherence drift, how long to observe before changing…

36 questions
retatrutide
retatrutide

An investigational GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor tri-agonist, studied in the TRIUMPH programme. Not approved anywhere. Use this tag for…

251 questions
asked by coring_risk 27k · 22 months ago
12 votes0 answers7.3k views
Is a mini-fridge good enough for storing reconstituted orforglipron?

Setup, so nobody has to ask: a mini-fridge · orforglipron. This is a planning question. I know what my options are; I do not know how to weigh them. What I want is…

storage
storage

Storage conditions and their evidence base: minus twenty degrees for powder, refrigerated for solution, protection from light, and what the…

701 questions
cold-chain
cold-chain

Keeping material within a temperature window from manufacture to use: phase-change packs versus dry ice, thermal mass, transit-lane temperature…

578 questions
harm-reduction
harm-reduction

Reducing avoidable risk where a decision has already been made: independent verification before use, sterility practice, dose arithmetic checked…

472 questions
orforglipron
orforglipron

A non-peptide, orally bioavailable small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in the ATTAIN programme. It is not a peptide, which changes…

219 questions
asked by assay_blank 45k · 22 months ago
34 votes0 answers32k views
What does 98.8% purity on a C4 column actually tell me about a dulaglutide vial?

Conditions: 98.8% · a C4 column · dulaglutide. I would like to know the limits of what can be inferred from this. What I am trying to avoid is over-reading a single…

hplc
hplc

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the workhorse purity method. Column chemistry, mobile-phase choice, gradient slope,…

503 questions
purity
purity

Purity as chromatographic area per cent - the fraction of detected material that is your target peak. It says nothing about how much material is…

833 questions
coa
coa

Certificates of analysis: what fields a useful one carries, how to tell a real analytical report from a marketing document, batch and lot…

771 questions
dulaglutide
dulaglutide

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built on an Fc fusion rather than fatty-acid acylation. Use this tag for questions about the fusion-protein…

200 questions
asked by ivo_paunovic 16k · 22 months ago
26 votes0 answers15k views
Would you re-test a GLP-1 receptor agonist after sixteen weeks at 4 °C, or accept the original certificate?

What I have: a GLP-1 receptor agonist · sixteen weeks · 4 °C. I would rather over-plan the first cycle and simplify later. I am prepared to do the work if someone can…

batch-testing
batch-testing

Testing at the batch or lot level: sampling plans, how many vials from a lot need testing to say anything about the lot, and the difference…

910 questions
peptide-stability
peptide-stability

The chemistry of peptide degradation: deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis, aggregation and fibrillation, and how temperature, pH, ionic strength,…

908 questions
coa
coa

Certificates of analysis: what fields a useful one carries, how to tell a real analytical report from a marketing document, batch and lot…

771 questions
asked by Dr_Elias_Weiss 25k · 22 months ago
27 votes0 answers17k views
Why would PeptideMeter report 97.6% where the supplier certificate says something higher?

Conditions: PeptideMeter · 97.6%. I think I have a problem. I am not yet sure whether it is a real problem or a measurement artefact. I want to know whether this is…

purity
purity

Purity as chromatographic area per cent - the fraction of detected material that is your target peak. It says nothing about how much material is…

833 questions
hplc
hplc

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the workhorse purity method. Column chemistry, mobile-phase choice, gradient slope,…

503 questions
batch-testing
batch-testing

Testing at the batch or lot level: sampling plans, how many vials from a lot need testing to say anything about the lot, and the difference…

910 questions
peptidemeter
peptidemeter

PeptideMeter, an independent peptide analytics and vendor-rating service. Use this tag for its published datasets, its rating methodology, and how…

107 questions
asked by j_wierzbicki 69k · 22 months ago
11 votes0 answers14k views
How many units on a low-dead-space syringe is a 2 mg dose at 6.67 mg/mL?

Concretely: a low-dead-space syringe · 2 mg · 6.67 mg/mL. I want the working, not the result — I need to be able to redo it with different numbers. I care about the…

dosing-math
dosing-math

The arithmetic itself: milligrams to millilitres to insulin units, concentration after reconstitution, dose per draw, and vial-days per vial. Show…

764 questions
insulin-syringe
insulin-syringe

U-100 and U-40 insulin syringes as measuring instruments. A U-100 syringe is graduated in insulin units where 100 units equals 1 mL, so one unit…

244 questions
reconstitution
reconstitution

Taking a lyophilised vial to a solution of known concentration: choice of diluent, volume selection, how to add liquid without shearing the cake,…

313 questions
asked by lucia_marchetti 19k · 22 months ago
13 votes0 answers8.1k views
What is the reported incidence of nausea on orforglipron in ATTAIN-1?

Setup, so nobody has to ask: nausea · orforglipron · ATTAIN-1. I have read the primary source rather than the summary, which has left me with more questions. I…

nausea
nausea

The dominant tolerability signal in every trial of the class: incidence, timing relative to a dose step, duration, and the distinction between…

55 questions
clinical-trials
clinical-trials

Reading the primary literature properly: estimands, intention-to-treat versus per-protocol, confidence intervals, absolute versus relative…

745 questions
orforglipron
orforglipron

A non-peptide, orally bioavailable small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in the ATTAIN programme. It is not a peptide, which changes…

219 questions
asked by samir_bennani 15k · 22 months ago
5 votes0 answers3.8k views
What does SURMOUNT-3 tell me about vomiting at the 10 mg dose?

Concretely: SURMOUNT-3 · vomiting · 10 mg. I would like to know the limits of what can be inferred from this. What I am trying to avoid is over-reading a single…

clinical-trials
clinical-trials

Reading the primary literature properly: estimands, intention-to-treat versus per-protocol, confidence intervals, absolute versus relative…

745 questions
vomiting
vomiting

Emesis as a reported adverse event: trial incidence, its relationship to dose escalation rate, dehydration risk, and when it stops being a…

57 questions
titration
titration

Stepwise dose increases over weeks, why the label schedules exist at all, and what tolerability-driven deviation from a schedule looks like in…

456 questions
asked by tyndall_haze 38k · 22 months ago
12 votes0 answers9.5k views
Would you accept 98.4% on ecnoglutide from JEEP without a content assay?

The particulars: 98.4% · ecnoglutide · JEEP. I would like to define my thresholds before I have a result, for obvious reasons. I want a plan with explicit stopping…

purity
purity

Purity as chromatographic area per cent - the fraction of detected material that is your target peak. It says nothing about how much material is…

833 questions
content-assay
content-assay

Quantified content: how many milligrams of peptide are actually in the vial, measured against a calibrated reference standard. A separate test…

476 questions
vendor-vetting
vendor-vetting

Evaluating a supplier on evidence rather than reputation: testing history across batches, whether certificates are batch-specific, how failures…

454 questions
ecnoglutide
ecnoglutide

A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist with a cAMP-biased signalling profile. A niche tag, mostly used for mechanism questions about biased agonism…

223 questions
asked by nine_point_nine 60k · 22 months ago
4 votes0 answers4.5k views
Does reflux at week seven of cagrilintide usually resolve without a dose change?

Concretely: reflux · seven · cagrilintide. I want a method I can write down and repeat, not a rule of thumb. I would rather over-engineer this than discover a problem…

gi-side-effects
gi-side-effects

The gastrointestinal cluster as a whole - nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, reflux, early satiety - with trial incidence rates, dropout…

162 questions
titration
titration

Stepwise dose increases over weeks, why the label schedules exist at all, and what tolerability-driven deviation from a schedule looks like in…

456 questions
amylin
amylin

Amylin and its analogues, most prominently cagrilintide, as a satiety mechanism orthogonal to incretin signalling. Includes the pharmacology of…

237 questions
asked by rukhsana_iqbal 17k · 22 months ago
35 votes0 answers37k views
What does a 98.4% purity with a chromatogram attached let me conclude?

The specifics, since they change the answer: 98.4% · chromatogram. I want to understand what this actually establishes, as opposed to what it is being used to imply.…

purity
purity

Purity as chromatographic area per cent - the fraction of detected material that is your target peak. It says nothing about how much material is…

833 questions
coa
coa

Certificates of analysis: what fields a useful one carries, how to tell a real analytical report from a marketing document, batch and lot…

771 questions
hplc
hplc

Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the workhorse purity method. Column chemistry, mobile-phase choice, gradient slope,…

503 questions
asked by fill_volume 22k · 22 months ago
20 votes0 answers20k views
Is a re-test after storage a stability study or a waste of money?

The vial was lyophilised at the time, which I understand may matter a great deal. I would like to set this up properly once, rather than adjust it repeatedly. My…

peptide-stability
peptide-stability

The chemistry of peptide degradation: deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis, aggregation and fibrillation, and how temperature, pH, ionic strength,…

908 questions
batch-testing
batch-testing

Testing at the batch or lot level: sampling plans, how many vials from a lot need testing to say anything about the lot, and the difference…

910 questions
storage
storage

Storage conditions and their evidence base: minus twenty degrees for powder, refrigerated for solution, protection from light, and what the…

701 questions
asked by plunger_stop 13k · 22 months ago
5 votes0 answers3.8k views
How long does a Wuhan to Australia lane usually take with tracking?

The case in front of me: Wuhan · Australia. The figures are clear enough; the question is what they mean and what they do not. I can supply the numbers if the…

international-shipping
international-shipping

Cross-border movement of research material: transit lanes and their thermal profiles, tracked versus untracked, declaration accuracy, and what…

471 questions
customs
customs

Customs handling: how declarations are assessed, why a parcel sits at a facility for a week, seizure notices, and the practical difference between…

196 questions
cold-chain
cold-chain

Keeping material within a temperature window from manufacture to use: phase-change packs versus dry ice, thermal mass, transit-lane temperature…

578 questions
asked by jo_vandeberg 23k · 22 months ago
38 votes0 answers36k views
Does HbA1c tell me anything about hepatic fat on liraglutide?

The case in front of me: HbA1c · liraglutide. This is one of those things that everyone repeats and nobody derives. This matters practically, not just academically,…

liver-enzymes
liver-enzymes

ALT, AST, GGT and ALP: what they do and do not indicate about hepatic fat, why enzymes are a poor surrogate for histology, and where non-invasive…

91 questions
mash
mash

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: histological endpoints, resolution without worsening fibrosis, fibrosis improvement by stage,…

56 questions
bloodwork
bloodwork

Laboratory monitoring: which panels are worth ordering, sensible intervals, reference-range versus optimal-range arguments, and how to read a…

296 questions
a1c
a1c

Glycated haemoglobin as a ninety-day glycaemic average: what a change of half a point means, why it lags, and the conditions under which it…

122 questions
liraglutide
liraglutide

A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist and the compound that established the class. Still relevant for its shorter half-life, its paediatric and…

235 questions
asked by aine_mulcahy 28k · 22 months ago
6 votes0 answers2.9k views
What happens to oral semaglutide after three weeks at 30 °C in solution?

The specifics, since they change the answer: oral semaglutide · three weeks · 30 °C. I understand the observation; what I do not understand is the mechanism behind…

peptide-stability
peptide-stability

The chemistry of peptide degradation: deamidation, oxidation, hydrolysis, aggregation and fibrillation, and how temperature, pH, ionic strength,…

908 questions
storage
storage

Storage conditions and their evidence base: minus twenty degrees for powder, refrigerated for solution, protection from light, and what the…

701 questions
shelf-life
shelf-life

How long a preparation remains within specification: labelled expiry for a sealed lyophilised vial, beyond-use dating after reconstitution, and…

327 questions
oral-glp1
oral-glp1

Oral routes for GLP-1 receptor agonism: peptide formulations rescued by absorption enhancers such as SNAC, and true small molecules that need no…

219 questions
asked by drawn_and_capped 12k · 22 months ago
39 votes0 answers46k views
Is reflux on orforglipron dose-dependent or dose-rate dependent?

The case in front of me: reflux · orforglipron. I can predict the outcome but I cannot explain it, which means I will get the next case wrong. I would like to know…

gi-side-effects
gi-side-effects

The gastrointestinal cluster as a whole - nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, reflux, early satiety - with trial incidence rates, dropout…

162 questions
titration
titration

Stepwise dose increases over weeks, why the label schedules exist at all, and what tolerability-driven deviation from a schedule looks like in…

456 questions
orforglipron
orforglipron

A non-peptide, orally bioavailable small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in the ATTAIN programme. It is not a peptide, which changes…

219 questions
asked by rota_site 36k · 22 months ago
35 votes0 answers33k views
What interval makes sense for repeating potassium on semaglutide?

What I am working with: potassium · semaglutide. I would like to define my thresholds before I have a result, for obvious reasons. I want a plan with explicit…

bloodwork
bloodwork

Laboratory monitoring: which panels are worth ordering, sensible intervals, reference-range versus optimal-range arguments, and how to read a…

296 questions
harm-reduction
harm-reduction

Reducing avoidable risk where a decision has already been made: independent verification before use, sterility practice, dose arithmetic checked…

472 questions
a1c
a1c

Glycated haemoglobin as a ninety-day glycaemic average: what a change of half a point means, why it lags, and the conditions under which it…

122 questions
electrolytes
electrolytes

Sodium, potassium and magnesium during reduced intake and GI losses: what the symptoms of a shortfall look like, when a panel is worth drawing,…

72 questions
semaglutide
semaglutide

A GLP-1 receptor agonist with a fatty-acid-acylated backbone and a roughly one-week half-life, marketed for type 2 diabetes and for weight…

470 questions
asked by greta_holzmann 23k · 23 months ago